last posting

I just took a test about Germanic thing and it was difficult for me. I studied but it was not enough.  This is last time to post. I liked this class and it was fun class. especially, the Chi-Cago's song was really good. We only have a few days until the exam and i have to study

5/27 class

Today, Kappel became teacher and went over the test that we are going to have tomorrow. actually he did really good job. It is out last test of the class and i'm gonna miss this class and Mr.Schick. Mr.Schick hit the bell so many times while Kapple is reading the powerpoint and Arri got mad about that. Arri has surgery for his broken leg tomorrow and i hope good luck. i have to study for the test now

5/23

what happened in 476?(exam question)
Romlulus  Augustus is disposed as the emperor

The new society has roots in
- classical heritage of Rome
- beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
- customs of various Germanic tribes

5th Century Germanic invaders

overrun the western half of the Roman Empire
causing
- distruption of trade
- downfall of cities
- population shifts to rural areas

5/20

exam essay question:describe how Christianity evolved from a "cult" into the full huge biggest religion in the world. 

- a European Empire Evolves

        -Franks control largest European kingdom

                   -the Roman province formerly known as Gaul

                   -Ruled by Clovis - the Merovingian Dynasty

        -Major domo - mayor of the palace - ruled the kingdom

        -Charles Martel - Charles the Hamme

                   -extended the Franks' reign to the north, south, and east.

                   -defeated a Muslim army from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732 - historic battle!

5/19

Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne

Main idea: many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire

Why it matters now!: Charlemagne spread Christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us came from.

Middle Ages = medieval period
500 - 1500 AD

medieval Europe is fragmented
1. invasions and constant warfare spark trends
        a. disruption of trade
          i. Europe's cities are no longer economic centers
          ii. money is scarce
        b. downfall of cities
          i. cities are no longer centers of administration
        c. population shifts
          i. nobles retreat to the rural areas
          ii. cities don't have strong leadership
2.invasions trigger changes in western Europe (cont.)
        a. decline of learning
             i. Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition
             ii. only priests and church officials could read and write
             iii. Knowledge of Greek (and literature, science, philosophy) is almost lost
        b. loss of a common language
          i. dialects develop...
3. Germanic kingdoms emerge
        a. the concept of govt. changes
             i. Roman society: loyal to public govt.
             ii. Germanic society: loyal to family
               1. Germanic chief led warriors
               2. during peace, he provided food, weapons, treasure, a place to live (the lord's hall)
               3. During wartime, warriors fought for the lord
          iii. "the king? who's that? you want to collect taxes from me? who the hech are you?"
          IV. franks live in the Roman province of Gaul - their leader is Clovis
     b. the Franks under Clovis
             i. another battlefield conversion! (just like Constantine!)
             ii. Clovis and 3000 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop
             iii. the church in Rome approves of this "alliance"
             IV. Clovis and the church begin to work together
4. Germanic peoples adopt Christianity
        a. 511 AD - Clovis unites Franks into one kingdom
        b. 600 AD - church + Frankish rulers convert many
        c. fear of Muslims in southern Europe spur many to become Christians
           4. Monasteries and convents
             i. 520 AD - Benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries
                  1. poverty, chastity, obedience, study
             ii. his sister Scholastica did the same for nuns...
     5. (pope) Gregory 1 expands papal power
             a. papacy=pope's office
             b. secular power=worldly power
             c. so... under Gregory the great...
papal power (power of the pope) is political power.
presented from the pope's palace
          d. the church can use church money to:
               raise armies
               repair roads
               help the poor
          e. Gregory the Great began to act as mayor of Rome, and as head of an earthly kingdom (Christendom)

5/13

Since we are done with Rome, Mr shick gave us free time to study. I studied Rome for the test tomorrow

Rome fades away 5/12

Two Emperors

Diocletian

- he rules from 284 - 303

- it's cool to persecute Christians

- Rome needs a big army (400,000 strong)

- Rome needs a big government (20,000 officials)

Constattine

- rules from 306-337

- it's cool to BE a Christian
- conversion to Christianity

via a cross in the sky (conquer by this!)

- 313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship

- built a new capital in the East 

    - Byzantium, soom to be know as Constantinople

The struggle of the peasatns
life in the Fourth Century
- country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection
- new farming system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
- peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords
- paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the and, in exchange for endless back-breaking work(suc a deal!)
- landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire
- foreshadowing feudalism

The western Empire crumbles
Rome's power is dereasng, while nomadic barbarians gain power
Western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean
other barbarian tribes: Ostrogoths in Italy, Franks in Gaul, Angles and Saxons in Britain

End of an era
from the beginnings...
    500 BC - the monarchy is abolished
    450 BC  - the Twelve Tables are established

...through the glory days
     44BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar
     27BC- 180 AD- the Roman Peace (Pax Roman)

to the bitter end...
   constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling

   the last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
   barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

5/9

Rise of Christianity

- jesus spends three years preaching, is killed by Roman leaders

- Jesus' followers believe be is the messiah and Savior who has risen from the dead

- Saul (the persecutor) becomes Paul (the evangelist), spreading Jesus' message (one true God, nor   Roman gods)

- Christaianity evolves from cult status to established, official structure

- priest, bishops, pope (Bishop of Rome)

- Christians and Jews were monotheistic (believing in one God)

-this conflicted with Roman beliefs

-persecution against both was common

-Christianity appealed to the poor, and since there were many poor, their numbers grew 

-as it grew, even some Roman leaders embraced Christianity

-(can you see the tide beginning to ture?)

AD 180: Rome has problems

-economic(trade became risky; taxes are too high; food supply was dropping)

-military (frontiers were hard to control; soldiers; loyalty declined and mercenaries appeared)

-Diocletian divided the empire into two

-Greek-speaking East (had more resources)

-Latin -speaking west (Rome, tradition)

5/6

First Indo-European settle around 750
Tiber River, in the low-lying seven hills of central Italy. in the middle of Italy in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea which was the center of the world.

What three groups of people dominated the culture of early Rome
-Latins
-Etruscans
-Greeks

Who was Tarquin the proud, and what was so significant about him?
Last of the Roman kings

Using our text, describe how Rome moved from a monarchy to a republic
-Ruled by Etruscan king(monarchy) who ever advised by rich patricians(the Senate - an aristocracy)
After Tarquin (no more tyranny), the government became res publica (the people's business), or        republic (like Greek democracy)

Describe the difference between a patrician and a plebeian
-Patrician: upper-class, landowning, established, connected, powerful
-Plebian: common people, workers, small-time farmers, some wealthy non-patricians

Define
-senate: government assembly of 300 (unpaid) patricians; appointed for life; first by kings then consuls
-consuls: two senators who led the government and military for one-year terms; could veto each other
-tribunes:leaders of the plebeian assembly; first rather powerless, gaining ground over the years

What is so important about the Twelve Tables ?
- marked the first time that laws were written in Rome
- set up to protect Plebeians who were getting pushed around by patricians
- publicly displayed in the Forum(450 BC)

The roman repulic serves as a model for what modern document, and what modern government?
- The Constitution of the -US  and its separation of powers
Senate/Assemblies US senate/House of Reps
Consuls/ Dictator-President of the US
Senate could act like judges-like our Supreme Court

Describe why only the rich could serve in the Senate
- members were not paid, but worked their way up from low- lancing magistrates to higher ones. They needed to spend a lot to look good popular. and powerful, making them electable Plebes couldn't afford to do that

The kings who ruled between 600 and 500 BC ordered the building of the Forum, Rome's political c

May 5 2014 note

Octavian - AKA Caesar Augustus(the first emperor)

- begins the Pax Romana - a period of peace and prosperity

- Built roads, aqueducts (brought water to the cities)

- set up civil service to take care of roads, the grain supply, even a postal service

- augustus dies age 76 in A.D. 14, and passed power to....

Tiberius but first, a word about Jesus and paul

From jesus to christianity

- jesus was a roman citizen and a practicing Jew 

- at 30, he began his ministry(A.D 31-33), preaching to the poor (and there were lots of ern) in the empire, and reaching out to outsiders

- statement like "my kingdom is not of this world" made the romans (and the Jews) nervous, and they began to plan his execution

- the governor of the Roman province of Judaea, Pontius Pilate (prompted by jewish high priests), sentences Jesus to death by crucifixion

The word spreads about the risen Jesus

- Paul is instrumental in telling the world about Jesus' life, death, resurrection, and message

- He travels far and wide: Cyprus, Anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and maybe even Spain and Britain

- He writes letters to many of those he spoke to - these epistles are a part of the New Testament

- If not for the efforts of Paul, it is likely that Jesus remains an obscure preacher, instead of the central figure of the world's largest religion

Caligula - good start

 - in addition to being Germanicus' son he was Tiberius' adopted grandson and great-nephew-putting him next in line for emperor

- he started off well: granting bonuses to those in the military, declaring treason trials a thing of the past, and made government spending a matter of public record

- all in all, the first seven months of Caligula's reign were "completely blissful" (according to the historian Philo)...then...

Bad finish for Caligula

- he began to fight with the Senate

- he claimed to be a god, and had statues displayed in many places - including the Jewish temple in Jerusalem (sacrilege)

- other examples of cruelty and insanity: he sleep with other men's wives and bragged about it, indulged in too much spending and sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul and a priest (at least that's what his critics said)

- assassinated by his own aides, AD41 (aged 28)

next in line: Claudius

- Ostracized by his family because of his disabilities(limp, slight deafness, possible speech impediment- thought to be cerebral palsy or polio), he was the last adult male in his family when Caligula was killed

- He rose to the occasion: he conquered Britain; he built roads, canals, and aqueducts; he renovated the Circus Maximus

- Had an awful marriage to Messaline, who was quite often unfaithful to him, even plotting to seize power for her lover Silius though a coup - so Claudius had them killed

Meanwhile - religious troubles

- Christianity and Judaism: monotheistic

- Romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as a god 

- AD 66; a group of Jews called the Zealots tried to rebel, but Roman troops put them down and burned their temple (except for on wall)

- The Western wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines

0half a million Jews died in the rebellion

Persecution of Christians

- Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor

- Especially Christians, who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion (cult)

- Often used for "entertainend" purposes in the Colosseum (thrown to the lions, etc)

- Despite the oppression, Christianity grew quickly - by AD 200, around 10 percent of the people in the Roman empire were Christians

5/2

Assasination and Another Caesar
- On the Ides of March (March 15), Caesar appeared in the Senate house, unarmed and unguarded, according to his custom, and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers.
- The main contender were Mark Antony, onve a commander under Caesar and now a consul; the leading assissins, Brutus and Cadssius; and Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, the youthful Octavian Caesar
- Then however, they joined forces against Caesar's assassins; formed another triumvirate together with a lesser warlord, Marcus Lepidus; eliminated opponents in a new reign of terror in Rome; and defeated Cassius and Brutus in battle in Greece.
- Octavian based in Rome, Lepidus in North Africa, and Mark Antony in Alexandria
- Antony's passionate love affair with Queen Cleopatra made him unpopular in Rome, and his efforts to win presige by making conquests on the eastern frontier ended in failure
- Octavian pushed Lepidus out of power and successfully began expanding Rome's frontiers northward toward the Danube
- Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra near the western coast of Greece and they returned to Egypt and committed suicide

Chapter 7
- East Roman literature and art, philosophy and law, architecture and engineering were often inspired by Greek models, but Roman achievements in these fields eventually equaled or surpassed those of the Greeks and became just as much an inspiration and model for future Western development
- In the west, the native languages of conquered European barbarian peoples began to be replaced by Latin
- In the east, Egyptian hieroglyphic writing fell out of use

LO1 The rule of the emperors
- Soon after Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus ("Revered One")
- He refused the offer of a long-term dictatorship and referred to himself simply as princeps ("first citizen")
- Augustus was confirmed as commander in chief of the armed forces and permitted the Senate to supervuse Italy and the city of Rome, as well as provinces where no soldiers were stationed
- He replaced Senate with his friends and allies
- Greek cities in Antolia began building shrines and sacrificing to "Rome and Augustus"- worshiping Rome itself as divine, and Augustus as a god-sent human being who embodied Rome's beneficent rule
- When he died the Senate declared him a Divine Being like Julius Caesar
- Augustus also acquired the tile of Father of the Fatherland
- He had laws passed against adultery by women and against both men and women who failed to marry; and another law exempted mothers of more than three children from the requirement of guardianship
- Poets and artists depicted him and his wife Livia as models of Roman family life, with Livia in the role of Chaste and strong-minded "matron" of the Fatherland
- A later ruler, Vespasian, who was known for his cynical sense of humor, is supposed to have said on his deathbed