Julius Caesar

Protarians: citizens who have power of vote even though they lost their property.
Because Rome's society changed the character of its armies and their commanders also changed. It was now landless and propertyless proletarians who were drafted to ill the ranks of the legions.
Rome's citizen-soldiers were now "semi-professional" who fought largely in the hope of bettering themselves through pay,loot, promotion, and above all grants of land or money to provide them wit a living when they were discharged.
Government by supreme warlords was bound to be brief and unstable- unless one of them could turn military dictatorship into legitimate power.
Julius Caesar
He came from an old patrician family that had come down in the world, and he entered the city's politics as a young man determined to regain the fame and power of his ancestors.n the social struggles, he sided with the poorer citizens and used the influence with them to advance his own cause, and in 60 B.C he began to collaborate with Gnaeus PomPeius(Pompey), an officer promoted by Sulla who had conquered many eastern Mediterranean lands.
First Triumvirate
Crassus- army general
PomPey- richest
Caesar won an appointment as proconsul of province that included the southern regions of Gaul, a territory stretching all the way from northern Italy and the Mediterranean coast to the Rhine River and the Atlantic Ocean. It was kind of Rome's territory but not exactly same.
Gaulish tribes outside the Roman-ruled areas were powerful enough that they might one day become dangerous to Rome, but Caesar conquered Gaul and even made forats into Britain and Germany.
By 50 B.C., most of western Europe was under Roman rule, and Caesar had built a powerful army personally devoted to himself.
Crassus had led an army to crushing defeat by the neighboring empire of Parthia, while Pompey had stayed in Rome. At the end, with Pompey's support, the Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army return to Rome
Rubicon: shallow rive of northeastern Italy
Pompey was commissioned to defend the Senate, but his forces were no match for Caesar's veterans
The Father of the Fatherland = Caesar
Caesar moved to make himself supreme ruler of Republic. He had himself appointed to most of the leading magistracies, either simultaneously or in quick succession: tribune, supreme pontiff (Minor bracnch of government), consul, and dictator for a ten-year term. the people's assemblies continued to exist, but they did little more than endorse Caesar's proposals.