5/9

Rise of Christianity

- jesus spends three years preaching, is killed by Roman leaders

- Jesus' followers believe be is the messiah and Savior who has risen from the dead

- Saul (the persecutor) becomes Paul (the evangelist), spreading Jesus' message (one true God, nor   Roman gods)

- Christaianity evolves from cult status to established, official structure

- priest, bishops, pope (Bishop of Rome)

- Christians and Jews were monotheistic (believing in one God)

-this conflicted with Roman beliefs

-persecution against both was common

-Christianity appealed to the poor, and since there were many poor, their numbers grew 

-as it grew, even some Roman leaders embraced Christianity

-(can you see the tide beginning to ture?)

AD 180: Rome has problems

-economic(trade became risky; taxes are too high; food supply was dropping)

-military (frontiers were hard to control; soldiers; loyalty declined and mercenaries appeared)

-Diocletian divided the empire into two

-Greek-speaking East (had more resources)

-Latin -speaking west (Rome, tradition)

5/6

First Indo-European settle around 750
Tiber River, in the low-lying seven hills of central Italy. in the middle of Italy in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea which was the center of the world.

What three groups of people dominated the culture of early Rome
-Latins
-Etruscans
-Greeks

Who was Tarquin the proud, and what was so significant about him?
Last of the Roman kings

Using our text, describe how Rome moved from a monarchy to a republic
-Ruled by Etruscan king(monarchy) who ever advised by rich patricians(the Senate - an aristocracy)
After Tarquin (no more tyranny), the government became res publica (the people's business), or        republic (like Greek democracy)

Describe the difference between a patrician and a plebeian
-Patrician: upper-class, landowning, established, connected, powerful
-Plebian: common people, workers, small-time farmers, some wealthy non-patricians

Define
-senate: government assembly of 300 (unpaid) patricians; appointed for life; first by kings then consuls
-consuls: two senators who led the government and military for one-year terms; could veto each other
-tribunes:leaders of the plebeian assembly; first rather powerless, gaining ground over the years

What is so important about the Twelve Tables ?
- marked the first time that laws were written in Rome
- set up to protect Plebeians who were getting pushed around by patricians
- publicly displayed in the Forum(450 BC)

The roman repulic serves as a model for what modern document, and what modern government?
- The Constitution of the -US  and its separation of powers
Senate/Assemblies US senate/House of Reps
Consuls/ Dictator-President of the US
Senate could act like judges-like our Supreme Court

Describe why only the rich could serve in the Senate
- members were not paid, but worked their way up from low- lancing magistrates to higher ones. They needed to spend a lot to look good popular. and powerful, making them electable Plebes couldn't afford to do that

The kings who ruled between 600 and 500 BC ordered the building of the Forum, Rome's political c

May 5 2014 note

Octavian - AKA Caesar Augustus(the first emperor)

- begins the Pax Romana - a period of peace and prosperity

- Built roads, aqueducts (brought water to the cities)

- set up civil service to take care of roads, the grain supply, even a postal service

- augustus dies age 76 in A.D. 14, and passed power to....

Tiberius but first, a word about Jesus and paul

From jesus to christianity

- jesus was a roman citizen and a practicing Jew 

- at 30, he began his ministry(A.D 31-33), preaching to the poor (and there were lots of ern) in the empire, and reaching out to outsiders

- statement like "my kingdom is not of this world" made the romans (and the Jews) nervous, and they began to plan his execution

- the governor of the Roman province of Judaea, Pontius Pilate (prompted by jewish high priests), sentences Jesus to death by crucifixion

The word spreads about the risen Jesus

- Paul is instrumental in telling the world about Jesus' life, death, resurrection, and message

- He travels far and wide: Cyprus, Anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and maybe even Spain and Britain

- He writes letters to many of those he spoke to - these epistles are a part of the New Testament

- If not for the efforts of Paul, it is likely that Jesus remains an obscure preacher, instead of the central figure of the world's largest religion

Caligula - good start

 - in addition to being Germanicus' son he was Tiberius' adopted grandson and great-nephew-putting him next in line for emperor

- he started off well: granting bonuses to those in the military, declaring treason trials a thing of the past, and made government spending a matter of public record

- all in all, the first seven months of Caligula's reign were "completely blissful" (according to the historian Philo)...then...

Bad finish for Caligula

- he began to fight with the Senate

- he claimed to be a god, and had statues displayed in many places - including the Jewish temple in Jerusalem (sacrilege)

- other examples of cruelty and insanity: he sleep with other men's wives and bragged about it, indulged in too much spending and sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul and a priest (at least that's what his critics said)

- assassinated by his own aides, AD41 (aged 28)

next in line: Claudius

- Ostracized by his family because of his disabilities(limp, slight deafness, possible speech impediment- thought to be cerebral palsy or polio), he was the last adult male in his family when Caligula was killed

- He rose to the occasion: he conquered Britain; he built roads, canals, and aqueducts; he renovated the Circus Maximus

- Had an awful marriage to Messaline, who was quite often unfaithful to him, even plotting to seize power for her lover Silius though a coup - so Claudius had them killed

Meanwhile - religious troubles

- Christianity and Judaism: monotheistic

- Romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as a god 

- AD 66; a group of Jews called the Zealots tried to rebel, but Roman troops put them down and burned their temple (except for on wall)

- The Western wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines

0half a million Jews died in the rebellion

Persecution of Christians

- Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor

- Especially Christians, who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion (cult)

- Often used for "entertainend" purposes in the Colosseum (thrown to the lions, etc)

- Despite the oppression, Christianity grew quickly - by AD 200, around 10 percent of the people in the Roman empire were Christians

5/2

Assasination and Another Caesar
- On the Ides of March (March 15), Caesar appeared in the Senate house, unarmed and unguarded, according to his custom, and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers.
- The main contender were Mark Antony, onve a commander under Caesar and now a consul; the leading assissins, Brutus and Cadssius; and Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, the youthful Octavian Caesar
- Then however, they joined forces against Caesar's assassins; formed another triumvirate together with a lesser warlord, Marcus Lepidus; eliminated opponents in a new reign of terror in Rome; and defeated Cassius and Brutus in battle in Greece.
- Octavian based in Rome, Lepidus in North Africa, and Mark Antony in Alexandria
- Antony's passionate love affair with Queen Cleopatra made him unpopular in Rome, and his efforts to win presige by making conquests on the eastern frontier ended in failure
- Octavian pushed Lepidus out of power and successfully began expanding Rome's frontiers northward toward the Danube
- Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra near the western coast of Greece and they returned to Egypt and committed suicide

Chapter 7
- East Roman literature and art, philosophy and law, architecture and engineering were often inspired by Greek models, but Roman achievements in these fields eventually equaled or surpassed those of the Greeks and became just as much an inspiration and model for future Western development
- In the west, the native languages of conquered European barbarian peoples began to be replaced by Latin
- In the east, Egyptian hieroglyphic writing fell out of use

LO1 The rule of the emperors
- Soon after Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus ("Revered One")
- He refused the offer of a long-term dictatorship and referred to himself simply as princeps ("first citizen")
- Augustus was confirmed as commander in chief of the armed forces and permitted the Senate to supervuse Italy and the city of Rome, as well as provinces where no soldiers were stationed
- He replaced Senate with his friends and allies
- Greek cities in Antolia began building shrines and sacrificing to "Rome and Augustus"- worshiping Rome itself as divine, and Augustus as a god-sent human being who embodied Rome's beneficent rule
- When he died the Senate declared him a Divine Being like Julius Caesar
- Augustus also acquired the tile of Father of the Fatherland
- He had laws passed against adultery by women and against both men and women who failed to marry; and another law exempted mothers of more than three children from the requirement of guardianship
- Poets and artists depicted him and his wife Livia as models of Roman family life, with Livia in the role of Chaste and strong-minded "matron" of the Fatherland
- A later ruler, Vespasian, who was known for his cynical sense of humor, is supposed to have said on his deathbed

4/30 watched a video

Today in the class, we all watched a video about Julius Caesar. It was about the war. There was a scene a man throwing a baby from his dwelling and it was so high. So many people in our class was wondering what he did. But Mr.Schick said he was throwing the baby to someone else because he was surrounded by fire. Anyway the video was interesting and really helpful to understand what we read  on the textbook.

4/29 note

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Octavian - AKA Caesar Augustus

Augustus - the first emperor - getting it done

- begins the Pax Roman - a period of peace and prosperity

- built roads, aqueducts (brought water to the cities)

- set up civil service to take care of roads, the grain supply, even e postal service

- augustus dies at age 76 in A.D. 14, and passes power to

From Jesus to Christianty

- jeses was a Roman citizen and a praciticing Jew

- at age 30, he began his ministry (A.D 31-33), PREACHING TO THE POOR (and there were lots of em) in the empire, and reaching out to outsides

- statements like "my kingdom is not of this world" made the Romans(and the Jews) nervous, and they began to plan his execution

- the governor of the Roman province of Judaea, Pontius Pilate (prompted by Jewish hish priest), sebtebces Jesus to death by crucifixion

The word speads about the risen Jesus

- Paul is instrumental in telling the world about Jesus lfe, death, resurrection, and message

- he travels far and whide Cyprus, Anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem and maybe even spain and britain

Julius Caesar

Protarians: citizens who have power of vote even though they lost their property.
Because Rome's society changed the character of its armies and their commanders also changed. It was now landless and propertyless proletarians who were drafted to ill the ranks of the legions.
Rome's citizen-soldiers were now "semi-professional" who fought largely in the hope of bettering themselves through pay,loot, promotion, and above all grants of land or money to provide them wit a living when they were discharged.
Government by supreme warlords was bound to be brief and unstable- unless one of them could turn military dictatorship into legitimate power.
Julius Caesar
He came from an old patrician family that had come down in the world, and he entered the city's politics as a young man determined to regain the fame and power of his ancestors.n the social struggles, he sided with the poorer citizens and used the influence with them to advance his own cause, and in 60 B.C he began to collaborate with Gnaeus PomPeius(Pompey), an officer promoted by Sulla who had conquered many eastern Mediterranean lands.
First Triumvirate
Crassus- army general
PomPey- richest
Caesar won an appointment as proconsul of province that included the southern regions of Gaul, a territory stretching all the way from northern Italy and the Mediterranean coast to the Rhine River and the Atlantic Ocean. It was kind of Rome's territory but not exactly same.
Gaulish tribes outside the Roman-ruled areas were powerful enough that they might one day become dangerous to Rome, but Caesar conquered Gaul and even made forats into Britain and Germany.
By 50 B.C., most of western Europe was under Roman rule, and Caesar had built a powerful army personally devoted to himself.
Crassus had led an army to crushing defeat by the neighboring empire of Parthia, while Pompey had stayed in Rome. At the end, with Pompey's support, the Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army return to Rome
Rubicon: shallow rive of northeastern Italy
Pompey was commissioned to defend the Senate, but his forces were no match for Caesar's veterans
The Father of the Fatherland = Caesar
Caesar moved to make himself supreme ruler of Republic. He had himself appointed to most of the leading magistracies, either simultaneously or in quick succession: tribune, supreme pontiff (Minor bracnch of government), consul, and dictator for a ten-year term. the people's assemblies continued to exist, but they did little more than endorse Caesar's proposals.